Theory of the Earth crust displacement shows that over long periods of time, approximately forty one thousand years, certain forces act in the direction of the outer limits of endurance.Among the critical factors are: massive accumulation of ice at the poles, which changes the weight of the crust, the Earth's axis tilt, which is every 41 000 was changed for more than three degrees (which should not be confused with the volatility that causes the precession of the equinoxes), and, of course, relative proximity to massive celestial bodies like the Moon and the Sun, which also varies throughout the precessional cycle of several thousand years.The theory of Crustal Displacement states that the entire crust of the Earth can shift in one piece like the lose skin on an orange.The assumption is that the outer crust of the earth in relation to the cellular interior, but the tectonic plate movements, the movement is extremely slow.
Vertical displacements of the earth's crust along the rupture resulting from such earthquakes can generate destructive tsunami waves which can travel across an ocean spreading destruction across their path.
Tectonics actually talking about a series of plates that move very slowly in relation to each other.But when it comes to Earth crust displacement, all the plates as a single whole, part of the outer shell of the Earth, which moves in relation to the interior of the Earth.
Most earthquakes happen where tectonic plates meet and glide against each other. Quakes occur when the frictional stress of the movement exceeds the strength of the rocks, causing a failure at a fault line. Violent displacement of the Earth's crust follows, leading to a release of elastic strain energy.
The Crust is a thin layer of solid rock. The material that makes up the crust tends to be lighter than the materials below. The Earth’s crust “floats” on the inner layers. If the Earth were the size of a peach, the crust would only be as thick as the peach’s skin (and not as fuzzy). If the Earth hadn’t cooled enough for the crust to form on its surface, we wouldn’t be here. Neither would any living thing we know of.
Scientists have never been able to dig or drill down through the crust to the mantle. Driving 100 kilometers is easy. Drilling that far through solid rock is hard. Well, it’s solid rock. But, we can study the inside of the Earth by observing volcanoes and geysers. The heat that melts rock into magma, and turns underground water into steam, comes from under the crust.
Most of the evidence usually cited to support the idea of an ice age, there are better fits the theory of earth crust displacement.
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Saturday, February 26, 2011
Traffic pollution causes
Pollution from traffic is for children a special concern because their immune system and lungs are not fully developed when exposure begins.Air pollution is mostly due to industry in developed countries.Automobile transport is now an inherent part of our civilisation, and as it happened with many other technological advancements, the negative aspects are becoming more andmore pronounced. Pollution intake is also determined by the number of people in polluted areas, how long they stay there and what they do. The growing use of old, poorly maintained passenger cars and the use of diesel fuel have dramatically worsened air quality.
The road traffic is known to be the major contributor to the anthropogenic emissions of the "greenhouse" gas Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and it is expected that these emissions willcontinue to increase with the steadily increasing amount of traffic.Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere. Major sources of CO2 are fossil fuels burning and deforestation.The most severe damaging effects related to pollution from traffic can, however, be found in urban areas. It is here that the traffic density is largest and concentrations of car exhaust gases are often orders of magnitude higher than in rural areas.Traffic exhaust gases contain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides [NOx defined as the sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)], hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), and particles.The largest pollution levels occur in street canyons where dilution of car exhaust gases is significantly limited by the presence of buildings flanking the street.In a 0.5-km-wide belt along major urban highways, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, black smoke (or soot) and ultrafine particles are markedly higher than in areas with less traffic.
In order to design effective approaches to pollution management from mobile sources, it is important to diagnose urban air pollution problems, determine the impact of mobile sources, and identify affordable and sustainable solutions.
The effects on health of transport-related air pollution are among the leading concerns about transport.
Motor vehicles are being used too much, and they are not “clean” enough when they are used.
The road traffic is known to be the major contributor to the anthropogenic emissions of the "greenhouse" gas Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and it is expected that these emissions willcontinue to increase with the steadily increasing amount of traffic.Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the major pollutants in the atmosphere. Major sources of CO2 are fossil fuels burning and deforestation.The most severe damaging effects related to pollution from traffic can, however, be found in urban areas. It is here that the traffic density is largest and concentrations of car exhaust gases are often orders of magnitude higher than in rural areas.Traffic exhaust gases contain pollutants such as nitrogen oxides [NOx defined as the sum of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)], hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), and particles.The largest pollution levels occur in street canyons where dilution of car exhaust gases is significantly limited by the presence of buildings flanking the street.In a 0.5-km-wide belt along major urban highways, concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, black smoke (or soot) and ultrafine particles are markedly higher than in areas with less traffic.
In order to design effective approaches to pollution management from mobile sources, it is important to diagnose urban air pollution problems, determine the impact of mobile sources, and identify affordable and sustainable solutions.
The effects on health of transport-related air pollution are among the leading concerns about transport.
Motor vehicles are being used too much, and they are not “clean” enough when they are used.
Earth core facts
The first indication of Earth-core complexity came with Lehmann’s 1936 discovery of the inner core.The core is approximately half the radius of the Earth and is about twice as dense as the mantle. It represents 32 percent of the mass of the Earth. Iron crystals are the main constituents of the solid inner core.The actual presence of the solid inner core inside Earth was proven after the great Alaska earthquake of 28 March 1964 and is no longer questioned today. Estimating properties of this inner core, however, remains a major challenge.The crystals may have grown with a preferred orientation when the inner core was formed, or processes at work in the inner core may have aligned them over time.The dynamics of the core is critically influenced by the combined effects of rotation and magnetic fields.The core has some additional impurities; about 6% of Ni and about 10% of lighter elements such as H, O, S, and C. The light elements are believed to exist preferentially in the fluid outer core as compared with the solid inner core.Earth in its entirety can be considered a slow nuclear reactor with its solid ”inner core” providing a major contribution to the total energy output. Since radionic heat is generated in the entire volume and cooling can only occur at the surface, the highest temperature inside Earth occurs at the center of the inner core. Overheating the center of the inner core reactor due to the so-called greenhouse effect on the surface of Earth may cause a meltdown condition, an enrichment of nuclear fuel and a gigantic atomic explosion.In order to understand better the origin of the seismic anisotropy observed in the inner core, experiments and theories have focussed on the mechanical behavior of crystalline iron at the extreme conditions of the inner core estimated to have temperature of about
5000K and pressure of 330GPa.
The primary dynamics of the Earth’s fluid core is controlled by rapid rotation, small viscosity, thermal or compositional convection, and a self-generatedmagnetic field.
Several facts about the core, however, can be established directly from the seismic data with quite considerable ncertainty:
The ”inner core” (the part inside the 1220 km radius) is a solid, because it transmits shear waves and only a solid can do this.
The ”outer core” that surrounds the solid inner core appears to be a fluid - due to the absence of shear waves there.
To a seismologist, who performs observations with respect to the surface of Earth, the solid inner core seems slightly anisotropic, a few %, and this anisotropy seems "spinning" inside the planet about 4% faster than the planet spins around its own axis.
In contrast to the outer core, the inner core is denser than pure iron, so it is thought to be iron-nickel without a light element. Thus it is chemically different from the outer core, as well as being solid rather
than liquid.
5000K and pressure of 330GPa.
The primary dynamics of the Earth’s fluid core is controlled by rapid rotation, small viscosity, thermal or compositional convection, and a self-generatedmagnetic field.
Several facts about the core, however, can be established directly from the seismic data with quite considerable ncertainty:
The ”inner core” (the part inside the 1220 km radius) is a solid, because it transmits shear waves and only a solid can do this.
The ”outer core” that surrounds the solid inner core appears to be a fluid - due to the absence of shear waves there.
To a seismologist, who performs observations with respect to the surface of Earth, the solid inner core seems slightly anisotropic, a few %, and this anisotropy seems "spinning" inside the planet about 4% faster than the planet spins around its own axis.
In contrast to the outer core, the inner core is denser than pure iron, so it is thought to be iron-nickel without a light element. Thus it is chemically different from the outer core, as well as being solid rather
than liquid.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
Strong solar storms could shut down power on Earth
Earth due to heavy storms on the sun for a few months could remain without power, without the support of satellites, and air traffic would be able to stop, warn scientists. A strong eruption of energy caused by solar storms sent waves toward the Earth, which are used for aircraft navigation or communication for mobile.The problem of weather conditions in the universe should be taken seriously.Since we've become dependent on technologies that depend on the support of satellites, solar storms in future could be very dangerous.Strongest solar storm in the last four years was recorded on 14 February of this year.The sun has entered a new cycle of activity, whose peak is expected 2013th year.The last time we took the maximum of solar cycle, ten years ago, the world was a different place.We were less dependent on mobile phones than it is today.The sun passes through its active cycle approximately every 11 years. The last peak occurred in 2001. , and then it was pretty weak, but it lasted longer. A solar flare 1972nd was interrupted by the international phone lines in Illinois. A similar thing happened to 1989. , when the solar flare caused a "geomagnetic storm that disrupted electric power transmission" in the Canadian province of Quebec.
There are three known types of solar flares:
-X-class flares marked the strongest eruptions of the Sun,
-Class M (medium power, but still powerful),
-Class C, indicating the weakest type of solar storms.
There are three known types of solar flares:
-X-class flares marked the strongest eruptions of the Sun,
-Class M (medium power, but still powerful),
-Class C, indicating the weakest type of solar storms.
Monday, February 21, 2011
Poo-Gloo - igloo-shaped devices that eat waste
Inexpensive devices in the form of the igloo, which is literally food contamination, of a mile a mentioned Poo-Gloo can clean sewage as effective as treatment plants, waste worth several million dollars in cities that outgrew its lagoon waste water treatment, according to a new study.Treatment of wastewater in small, rural communities is an important and challenging task of engineers. Appropriate treatment includes disinfection and removal of unwanted contaminants.Most rural communities rely on the lagoon for collecting waste water as a primary method of treatment because they are simple and inexpensive to manage. Lagoons are actually a large pool in which the sewage holding from one month to one year to be deposited solids, and sunlight, bacteria, wind and other natural processes clean water, sometimes with the help of aeration.But as communities grow and cleaning of pollution is becoming weaker, more conventional lagoons to collect waste water can no longer provide adequate treatment.Poo-Gloo is designed to address the problems faced by companies that grow their own sewage lagoon. The device provides a great surface on which bacteria can grow, thus ensuring the microbial air and dark environment in order to continually consume pollutants from sewage with a minimum of rivalry algae.
Poo-Gloo-use and advanced bacterial biofilm to consume contaminants. Two dozen or more Poo-Gloo in the form of the igloo is placed at the bottom of the lagoon, submerged completely and arranged in rows.Each Poo-Gloo consists of sets of four plastic dome, which is progressively reduced and are one of the other like Russian 'babushka', and are filled with plastic containers to ensure a large surface area for bacterial growth. Seals on the pipes to drain the bubbles are located at the bottom of each Poo-Gloo and emit bubbles of air through the cavity between the domes. The air coming out of the hole at the top of the dome. As the air moves through the dome, also pushes water from the lagoon bottom to the top of the dome.Each Poo-Gloo occupies 2.6 square feet of space at the bottom of the lagoon, which makes 260 square meters of free space for the growth of bacteria. The combination of large surface area, aeration, continuous mixing and dark environment that limits the algal growth rate approaching destruction of contaminants in Poo-Gloo, the rate of mechanical plant.
Poo-Gloo-use and advanced bacterial biofilm to consume contaminants. Two dozen or more Poo-Gloo in the form of the igloo is placed at the bottom of the lagoon, submerged completely and arranged in rows.Each Poo-Gloo consists of sets of four plastic dome, which is progressively reduced and are one of the other like Russian 'babushka', and are filled with plastic containers to ensure a large surface area for bacterial growth. Seals on the pipes to drain the bubbles are located at the bottom of each Poo-Gloo and emit bubbles of air through the cavity between the domes. The air coming out of the hole at the top of the dome. As the air moves through the dome, also pushes water from the lagoon bottom to the top of the dome.Each Poo-Gloo occupies 2.6 square feet of space at the bottom of the lagoon, which makes 260 square meters of free space for the growth of bacteria. The combination of large surface area, aeration, continuous mixing and dark environment that limits the algal growth rate approaching destruction of contaminants in Poo-Gloo, the rate of mechanical plant.
Types of earthquake prediction
Types of earthquake prediction are:
-Earthquake forecast: statement on long-term statistical probability of earthquake in a certain area,
-Long-term prediction,
-Short-term prediction,
-Earthquake warning: actionable declaration, up to a few days
The notion that several different kinds of prediction might be possible, each with its own time scale, is central to current debates about earthquake prediction. A short-term prediction of a few days to weeks, based on some earthquake process with a short time scale (e.g., nucleation), is distinct from a long-term prediction based on a longer-term process (e.g., stress buildup due to plate motions). These different kinds of predictions may have very different chances for success.
Long term prediction
Long-term prediction is based mainly on the knowledge of when and where earthquakes have occurred in the past.The physical bases for this type of prediction are the slow buildup of stress, the loading rate for each fault segment, and the timing of the warning interval with respect to the approximate time remaining in the cycle of large earthquakes.Predictions of this type are usually probabilistic in nature to allow for observed differences in individual repeat times and uncertainties in the parameters used in the calculations.
Abundant evidence shows that earthquakes are unstable slip repeating on existing weak planes in the earth’s topmost part, which is too cold (<300C) to deform stably. An earthquake occurs when the stress on the weak plane, which increases slowly due to plate motion, reaches the frictional strength.Two methods of earthquake forecasting are being employed - paleoseismology and seismic gaps.
Paleoseismology - the study of prehistoric earthquakes. Through study of the offsets in sedimentary layers near fault zones, it is often possible to determine recurrence intervals of major earthquakes prior to historical records.
Seismic gaps - A seismic gap is a zone along a tectonically active area where no earthquakes have occurred recently, but it is known that elastic strain is building in the rocks. If a seismic gap can be identified, then it might be an area expected to have a large earthquake in the near future.
Short-term prediction
Based on the earthquake event itself.
The public perception in many countries and, in fact, that of many earth scientists is that earthquake prediction means short-term prediction, a warning of hours to days.They typically equate a successful prediction with one that is 100% reliable. If we want to predict a plate-boundary earthquake with, say, 1-year accuracy, we need to know the strength and the current stress level with an accuracy of 0.1MPa, which way we do not know. So, we hope that Mother Nature has something more in favor of us, which we call ‘earthquake
preparation processes.Anomalous events or processes that may precede an earthquake are called precursor events and might signal a coming earthquake.Despite the array of possible precursor events that are possible to monitor, successful short-term earthquake prediction has so far been difficult to obtain.The processes that cause earthquakes occur deep beneath the surface and are difficult to monitor.Earthquakes in different regions or along different faults all behave differently, thus no consistent patterns have so far been recognized.For many large earthquakes, foreshocks are either absent or of very small size, making them unreliable for prediction purposes. Hence, the question of whether short-term prediction is possible depends on whether or not a means can be devised to detect nucleation directly, and if the form of the nucleation is predictive of the size as well as the time and the place of the subsequent event.
A prediction is a neutral statement made based on accumulated observations.A warning is a declaration that normal life routines should be altered to deal with the impending hazard.
Prediction- based on science.
Warning- Interpretations of prediction that take public policy into account.
-Earthquake forecast: statement on long-term statistical probability of earthquake in a certain area,
-Long-term prediction,
-Short-term prediction,
-Earthquake warning: actionable declaration, up to a few days
The notion that several different kinds of prediction might be possible, each with its own time scale, is central to current debates about earthquake prediction. A short-term prediction of a few days to weeks, based on some earthquake process with a short time scale (e.g., nucleation), is distinct from a long-term prediction based on a longer-term process (e.g., stress buildup due to plate motions). These different kinds of predictions may have very different chances for success.
Long term prediction
Long-term prediction is based mainly on the knowledge of when and where earthquakes have occurred in the past.The physical bases for this type of prediction are the slow buildup of stress, the loading rate for each fault segment, and the timing of the warning interval with respect to the approximate time remaining in the cycle of large earthquakes.Predictions of this type are usually probabilistic in nature to allow for observed differences in individual repeat times and uncertainties in the parameters used in the calculations.
Abundant evidence shows that earthquakes are unstable slip repeating on existing weak planes in the earth’s topmost part, which is too cold (<300C) to deform stably. An earthquake occurs when the stress on the weak plane, which increases slowly due to plate motion, reaches the frictional strength.Two methods of earthquake forecasting are being employed - paleoseismology and seismic gaps.
Paleoseismology - the study of prehistoric earthquakes. Through study of the offsets in sedimentary layers near fault zones, it is often possible to determine recurrence intervals of major earthquakes prior to historical records.
Seismic gaps - A seismic gap is a zone along a tectonically active area where no earthquakes have occurred recently, but it is known that elastic strain is building in the rocks. If a seismic gap can be identified, then it might be an area expected to have a large earthquake in the near future.
Short-term prediction
Based on the earthquake event itself.
The public perception in many countries and, in fact, that of many earth scientists is that earthquake prediction means short-term prediction, a warning of hours to days.They typically equate a successful prediction with one that is 100% reliable. If we want to predict a plate-boundary earthquake with, say, 1-year accuracy, we need to know the strength and the current stress level with an accuracy of 0.1MPa, which way we do not know. So, we hope that Mother Nature has something more in favor of us, which we call ‘earthquake
preparation processes.Anomalous events or processes that may precede an earthquake are called precursor events and might signal a coming earthquake.Despite the array of possible precursor events that are possible to monitor, successful short-term earthquake prediction has so far been difficult to obtain.The processes that cause earthquakes occur deep beneath the surface and are difficult to monitor.Earthquakes in different regions or along different faults all behave differently, thus no consistent patterns have so far been recognized.For many large earthquakes, foreshocks are either absent or of very small size, making them unreliable for prediction purposes. Hence, the question of whether short-term prediction is possible depends on whether or not a means can be devised to detect nucleation directly, and if the form of the nucleation is predictive of the size as well as the time and the place of the subsequent event.
A prediction is a neutral statement made based on accumulated observations.A warning is a declaration that normal life routines should be altered to deal with the impending hazard.
Prediction- based on science.
Warning- Interpretations of prediction that take public policy into account.
Earthquake prediction
Ordinary people as well as seismologists have observed that, in some cases, major earthquakes occur shortly after certain anomalous events, which they then have claimed can be used for earthquake prediction.The hazards of earthquakes are avoidable if prediction can be made early, which wouldenable their mitigation, reduce damage to life and property drastically and facilitate precautionary measures.This attempt aims at establishing planetary configurations as a definitive means of earthquake prediction.
The occurrence of earthquake is a chaotic process.Scientific earthquake predictions should state where, when, how big, and how probable the predicted event is, and why the prediction is made.
Because of their devastating potential, there is great interest in predicting the location and time of large earthquakes. Although a great deal is known about where earthquakes are likely to occur, there is currently no reliable way to predict the exact time that an event will occur in any specific location.One of the earliest reported such premonitory signs is the anomalous behavior of animals.
Animals living within seismically active regions are subjected episodically to intense ground shaking that can kill individuals through burrow collapse, egg destruction, and tsunami action. Although anecdotal and retrospective reports of animal behavior suggest that although many organisms may be able to detect an impending seismic event, no plausible scenario has been presented yet through which accounts for the evolution of such behaviors.A brief review of possible seismic precursors suggests that tilt, hygroreception (humidity), electric, and magnetic sensory systems in animals could be linked into a seismic escape behavioral system. Several testable predictions of this analysis are discussed, and it is recommended that additional magnetic, electrical, tilt, and hygro-sensors be incorporated into dense monitoring networks in seismically active regions.
Probabilistic ground motion maps contour earthquake ground motions that have a common probability of being exceeded in a certain period of time. They are based on historical earthquake locations and geological information on the recurrence rate of fault ruptures, and assume that the historical trends can be projected into the future.
The occurrence of earthquake is a chaotic process.Scientific earthquake predictions should state where, when, how big, and how probable the predicted event is, and why the prediction is made.
Because of their devastating potential, there is great interest in predicting the location and time of large earthquakes. Although a great deal is known about where earthquakes are likely to occur, there is currently no reliable way to predict the exact time that an event will occur in any specific location.One of the earliest reported such premonitory signs is the anomalous behavior of animals.
Animals living within seismically active regions are subjected episodically to intense ground shaking that can kill individuals through burrow collapse, egg destruction, and tsunami action. Although anecdotal and retrospective reports of animal behavior suggest that although many organisms may be able to detect an impending seismic event, no plausible scenario has been presented yet through which accounts for the evolution of such behaviors.A brief review of possible seismic precursors suggests that tilt, hygroreception (humidity), electric, and magnetic sensory systems in animals could be linked into a seismic escape behavioral system. Several testable predictions of this analysis are discussed, and it is recommended that additional magnetic, electrical, tilt, and hygro-sensors be incorporated into dense monitoring networks in seismically active regions.
Probabilistic ground motion maps contour earthquake ground motions that have a common probability of being exceeded in a certain period of time. They are based on historical earthquake locations and geological information on the recurrence rate of fault ruptures, and assume that the historical trends can be projected into the future.
Thursday, February 17, 2011
Effects of noise pollution
Effects of noise pollution can be harmful for human.
Noise is unwanted sound.Noise from industry, traffic, homes and recreation can cause annoyance, disturb sleep and affect health.Noise is an important environmental pollutant like noxious gases that befoul our
air, water and soil.The human ear is a very sensitive instrument. If the hearing mechanisms are damaged in any way either by excessive noise levels or by diseases which affect the brain, the auditory nerve or the auditory ossicles, then hearing will be impaired.Exposure to continuous noise of 85–90 dBA, particularly over a lifetime in industrial settings, can lead to a progressive loss of hearing, with an increase in the threshold of hearing sensitivity.Noise exposure during sleep may increase blood pressure, heart rate and finger pulse amplitude as well as body movements. There may also be after-effects during the day following disturbed sleep; perceived sleep quality, mood and performance in terms of reaction time all decreased following sleep disturbed by road traffic noise.
Sources of noise pollution: traffic, concerts, airplanes, industrial machinery, construction or demolition …
Effects of noise pollution: hearing loss in humans and in animals.
Noise has become a very important “stress factor” in the environment of man. The term “noise pollution” has been recently used to signify
the hazard of sounds which are consequenceof modern day development, leading to health hazards of different type.There are many vulnerable groups of people who are most affected by noise pollution such as the young, elderly, and the hospitalized.
What can you do?
Try to use acoustical tile ceilings, wall coverings, and bookshelves to absorb sound.Close windows and doors to shut out noise from road and plane traffic.Place noisy activities next to each other, away from
areas needing quiet for concentration on quiet, learning activities.
Making a change in design and operation of machines, vibration control, sound proof cabins and sound-absorbing materials can reduce it.
Trees and shrubs may be planted in front of building to provide some absorption for the sound.
People can be educated through radio, TV, newsreels in cinema halls about noise pollution. In the family, elders can teach children to keep the radio volume low, low voice talking not to horn unnecessarily on the roads, avoid quarreling amongst each other and so on.
Noise is unwanted sound.Noise from industry, traffic, homes and recreation can cause annoyance, disturb sleep and affect health.Noise is an important environmental pollutant like noxious gases that befoul our
air, water and soil.The human ear is a very sensitive instrument. If the hearing mechanisms are damaged in any way either by excessive noise levels or by diseases which affect the brain, the auditory nerve or the auditory ossicles, then hearing will be impaired.Exposure to continuous noise of 85–90 dBA, particularly over a lifetime in industrial settings, can lead to a progressive loss of hearing, with an increase in the threshold of hearing sensitivity.Noise exposure during sleep may increase blood pressure, heart rate and finger pulse amplitude as well as body movements. There may also be after-effects during the day following disturbed sleep; perceived sleep quality, mood and performance in terms of reaction time all decreased following sleep disturbed by road traffic noise.
Sources of noise pollution: traffic, concerts, airplanes, industrial machinery, construction or demolition …
Effects of noise pollution: hearing loss in humans and in animals.
Noise has become a very important “stress factor” in the environment of man. The term “noise pollution” has been recently used to signify
the hazard of sounds which are consequenceof modern day development, leading to health hazards of different type.There are many vulnerable groups of people who are most affected by noise pollution such as the young, elderly, and the hospitalized.
What can you do?
Try to use acoustical tile ceilings, wall coverings, and bookshelves to absorb sound.Close windows and doors to shut out noise from road and plane traffic.Place noisy activities next to each other, away from
areas needing quiet for concentration on quiet, learning activities.
Making a change in design and operation of machines, vibration control, sound proof cabins and sound-absorbing materials can reduce it.
Trees and shrubs may be planted in front of building to provide some absorption for the sound.
People can be educated through radio, TV, newsreels in cinema halls about noise pollution. In the family, elders can teach children to keep the radio volume low, low voice talking not to horn unnecessarily on the roads, avoid quarreling amongst each other and so on.
Water pollution causes
Water pollution causes inadequate economic development, especially industrial development, and uncontrolled urbanisation.More recently, pollution from agriculture and aquaculture has gained prominence.
Chemical pollution of surface water can create health risks, because such waterways are often used directly as drinking water sources or connected with shallow wells used for drinking water. In addition, waterways have important roles for washing and cleaning, for fishing and fish farming, and for recreation.
Water pollution caused by various factors: heavy metals,organic pollutants,nutrients, microbial contamination, toxic organic compounds, traces of chemicals and pharmaceutical drugs, nuclear waste, salinisation, acidification...
Water, the essence of all living things, covers more than three-quarters of the Earth's surface. Water pollution has serious implications on marine life and human health.Coastal pollution of seawater may give rise to health hazards because of local contamination of fish or shellfish.
Water is a unique substance, because it can naturally renew and cleanse itself, by allowing pollutants to settle out (through the process of sedimentation) or break down, or by diluting the pollutants to a point where they are not in harmful concentrations.
Natural phenomena, such as volcanoes and algae blooms, can create
drastic changes in water quality, water is typically deemed polluted only when impaired by human contaminants.
Water pollution causes pollutants that come from a specific source such as a pipe that discharges used water or other material from a factory into a water body. Such discharges can harm the aquatic ecosystem.
They can also come from large areas such as agricultural fields that have been covered with fertilizer or pesticides.Rain water or melted snow can transfer materials such as oil, litter, fertilizers, and salt down storm sewer inlets found on the streets. In some areas, the storm sewer transports this polluted water to a water treatment facility.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Volcanoes erupting
Volcanoes are commonly conical hills or mountains built around a vent that connect with reservoirs of molten rock below the surface of the earth. Unlike other mountains, which are pushed up from below, volcanoes are built by surface accumulation of their eruptive products—layers of lava flows, ash flows, and ash. When pressure from gases within the molten rock becomes too great, gases drive the molten rock to the surface and an eruption occurs.
Volcanic eruptions can inject into the stratosphere tens of teragrams of chemically and microphysically active gases and solid aerosol particles that can affect the Earth’s radiative balance and climate and disturb the stratospheric chemical equilibrium.People have died from volcanic blasts. The most common cause of death from a volcano is suffocation. Volcanic eruptions can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, mudslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires.
Volcanic eruptions can be placed into two general categories:those that are explosive, such as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, and those that are effusive, such as the gentle lava flows, fountains, and spatter cones common in Hawai'i. Many eruptions are explosive in nature.They produce fragmented rocks from erupting lava and surrounding parent rock.Non explosive eruptions are favored by low gas content and low viscosity magmas (basaltic to andesitic magmas).
Explosive eruptions are favored by high gas content and high viscosity (andesitic to rhyolitic magmas).
The major component of volcanic eruptions is magmatic material, which emerges as solid, lithic material or solidifies into large particles that are referred to as ash or tephra.Volcanic eruptions typically also emit gases, with water (H2O), nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) being the most abundant.Most gases from a volcano quickly blow away. However, heavy gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can collect in low-lying areas.
Volcanic eruptions can inject into the stratosphere tens of teragrams of chemically and microphysically active gases and solid aerosol particles that can affect the Earth’s radiative balance and climate and disturb the stratospheric chemical equilibrium.People have died from volcanic blasts. The most common cause of death from a volcano is suffocation. Volcanic eruptions can result in additional threats to health, such as floods, mudslides, power outages, drinking water contamination, and wildfires.
Volcanic eruptions can be placed into two general categories:those that are explosive, such as the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens, and those that are effusive, such as the gentle lava flows, fountains, and spatter cones common in Hawai'i. Many eruptions are explosive in nature.They produce fragmented rocks from erupting lava and surrounding parent rock.Non explosive eruptions are favored by low gas content and low viscosity magmas (basaltic to andesitic magmas).
Explosive eruptions are favored by high gas content and high viscosity (andesitic to rhyolitic magmas).
The major component of volcanic eruptions is magmatic material, which emerges as solid, lithic material or solidifies into large particles that are referred to as ash or tephra.Volcanic eruptions typically also emit gases, with water (H2O), nitrogen (N2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) being the most abundant.Most gases from a volcano quickly blow away. However, heavy gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide can collect in low-lying areas.
Sunday, February 13, 2011
How do earthquakes happen
How do earthquakes happen?Did you know that surface of the Earth is not one giant shell? It may look solid to us, but the Earth’s surface has cracks in it, and actually fits together like a puzzle. What happens when one of these gigantic puzzle pieces moves? An earthquake! Big earthquakes occur with movement of about a meter or two. Small earthquakes happen with movements of millimeters.Scientists cannot predict when an earthquake will take place, but they do understand why Earthquakes happen.In many ways, earthquakes are one of nature’s reminders that we are living on the thin outer crust of a planet whose interior is still cooling.The ground may feel strong and solid beneath our feet, but the tectonic plates can move without our noticing.
Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates of the Earth’s outer layer meet. In fact, the location of earthquakes and the kind of ruptures they produce help scientists define the plate boundaries. Most destructive quakes, however, are caused by dislocations of the crust. The crust may bend and then, when the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, break and “snap” to a new position.
Earthquakes may occur in an area before,during, and after a volcanic eruption, but they are not the cause or result of volcanic activity; rather they are the result of the active forces connected with the volcanic eruption.Earthquakes are always happening somewhere.Large earthquakes occur about once a year. Smaller earthquakes, such as magnitude 2 earthquakes, occur several hundred times a day.
Measuring earthquakes
Used on the surface of the Earth, a seismograph can measure the seismic energy, or magnitude, of an earthquake. It does this by making lines on a page when the Earth vibrates. Lots of wavy lines mean the earthquake was large; fewer waves mean the quake was small.
Magnitudes are recorded on a scale called the Richter Scale.The Richter scale is the best-known scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes. The scale begins at 3.5, which is the magnitude assigned to earthquakes we can barely feel, to 8 or greater which are the highest magnitudes. Magnitude 8 earthquakes can destroy cities.
How can I protect myself in an earthquake?
Most earthquake-related injuries and deaths result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects caused by the ground shaking. It is extremely important for a person to move as little as possible to reach the place of safety he or she has identified, because most injuries occur when people try to move more than a few feet during the shaking.
Most earthquakes occur at the boundaries where the plates of the Earth’s outer layer meet. In fact, the location of earthquakes and the kind of ruptures they produce help scientists define the plate boundaries. Most destructive quakes, however, are caused by dislocations of the crust. The crust may bend and then, when the stress exceeds the strength of the rocks, break and “snap” to a new position.
Earthquakes may occur in an area before,during, and after a volcanic eruption, but they are not the cause or result of volcanic activity; rather they are the result of the active forces connected with the volcanic eruption.Earthquakes are always happening somewhere.Large earthquakes occur about once a year. Smaller earthquakes, such as magnitude 2 earthquakes, occur several hundred times a day.
Measuring earthquakes
Used on the surface of the Earth, a seismograph can measure the seismic energy, or magnitude, of an earthquake. It does this by making lines on a page when the Earth vibrates. Lots of wavy lines mean the earthquake was large; fewer waves mean the quake was small.
Magnitudes are recorded on a scale called the Richter Scale.The Richter scale is the best-known scale for measuring the magnitude of earthquakes. The scale begins at 3.5, which is the magnitude assigned to earthquakes we can barely feel, to 8 or greater which are the highest magnitudes. Magnitude 8 earthquakes can destroy cities.
How can I protect myself in an earthquake?
Most earthquake-related injuries and deaths result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and falling objects caused by the ground shaking. It is extremely important for a person to move as little as possible to reach the place of safety he or she has identified, because most injuries occur when people try to move more than a few feet during the shaking.
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Facts about earthquakes
Earthquakes are short-term vibration of the Earth's crust caused by natural processes and tectonic movements in the lithosphere or artificially(caused by human activity).
Tectonic earthquakes(85%)
-resulting from tectonic movements in the lithosphere due to the sudden release of accumulated energy.Movement of molten mass in the asthenosphere causes the movement of tectonic plates where there is tension in different parts of the lithosphere.When they cross the border tension elastic substances liberated energy causes vibration of different parts of the lithosphere intensity.
Volcanic earthquakes(7%)
-Volcanic earthquakes are the result of the rapid movement of magma toward the surface, and their occurrence is mostly local and regional impacts.(often in very volcanically active areas tremors indicate the movement of magma toward the surface and points to a possible eruption)
Earthquakes collapse(3%)
-resulting from the collapse of cavities or voids in the earth's crust.
Blank spaces usually occur by dissolution of rock that are soluble in water (carbonates, evaporites). Their released energy is much smaller than the tectonic and volcanic earthquakes.Even if they have a limited impact can cause major damage.
Artificial earthquakes are caused by human activity:
-explosion,
-dive, or subsidence due to undermining and digging into the Earth's interior due to mining operations or other geotechnical engineering (mountain stroke),
-discharge of large reservoirs of water,
-pumping oil and water (shrug).
Seismograph-instrument for measuring and recording earthquake,
Seismometer-instrument to detect seismic waves,
Seismograms-records ground vibrations.
An earthquake usually starts with low blows, followed by the main shock,
followed by a weaker shock ..
Tectonic earthquakes(85%)
-resulting from tectonic movements in the lithosphere due to the sudden release of accumulated energy.Movement of molten mass in the asthenosphere causes the movement of tectonic plates where there is tension in different parts of the lithosphere.When they cross the border tension elastic substances liberated energy causes vibration of different parts of the lithosphere intensity.
Volcanic earthquakes(7%)
-Volcanic earthquakes are the result of the rapid movement of magma toward the surface, and their occurrence is mostly local and regional impacts.(often in very volcanically active areas tremors indicate the movement of magma toward the surface and points to a possible eruption)
Earthquakes collapse(3%)
-resulting from the collapse of cavities or voids in the earth's crust.
Blank spaces usually occur by dissolution of rock that are soluble in water (carbonates, evaporites). Their released energy is much smaller than the tectonic and volcanic earthquakes.Even if they have a limited impact can cause major damage.
Artificial earthquakes are caused by human activity:
-explosion,
-dive, or subsidence due to undermining and digging into the Earth's interior due to mining operations or other geotechnical engineering (mountain stroke),
-discharge of large reservoirs of water,
-pumping oil and water (shrug).
Seismograph-instrument for measuring and recording earthquake,
Seismometer-instrument to detect seismic waves,
Seismograms-records ground vibrations.
An earthquake usually starts with low blows, followed by the main shock,
followed by a weaker shock ..
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